A Federal Reserve Bank of New York report released Thursday analyzed U.S. Census Bureau and Foreign Trade Statistics data through November 2025 and found that Americans paid for nearly 90% of U.S. tariffs in 2025. The report estimated tariff incidence on U.S. firms and consumers at 94% from January to August 2025, 92% from September to October, and 86% in November.
The authorsâMary Amiti, Chris Flanagan, Sebastian Heise, and David E. Weinsteinâreported average tariff rates increased from 2.6% to 13% over 2025 and said exporter price reductions were modest, leaving domestic firms to absorb costs or pass them to consumers.
The findings come amid congressional and judicial scrutiny: the House passed a resolution, with three Republicans, to overturn tariffs imposed on Canada, and the administration is awaiting a Supreme Court ruling on the legality of tariffs under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act. Businesses cited tariff-linked price increases and profit impacts, and the Tax Foundation projected 2026 household tariff burdens exceeding anticipated tax-cut benefits.